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Explore and understand

Mineral resources

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The Marine Mineral Resources Strategy Group is a discussion and priority-setting forum for research into marine mineral deposits (manganese nodules, massive sulphides, ferromanganese crusts, phosphorites), their resource potential and all other aspects of deep-sea mining, including environmental impact assessments. Our aim is to contribute to a better understanding of these resources in one of the least understood areas of the world.

Latest news

07.01.2025

Dark oxygen production in the deep sea

29.08.2024

Seabed Authority quotes KDM strategy group

01.05.2024

Communication from SG Mineral Resources

Opening of the Norwegian EEZ for the exploration of mineral resources

01.12.2023

News on marine mineral raw materials

BGR Newsletter 2023

30.09.2023

Radioactivity in manganese nodules

Statement of the MMR Strategy Group

24.08.2023

Deep-sea mining and climate change

11.01.2023

News on marine mineral raw materials

BGR Newsletter 2022

30.11.2022

On the "precautionary pause" in deep-sea mining

A commentary by SG MMR on the position of the federal government

21.05.2022

GEOMAR-CREATE Seafloor Mapping School

17-28 October 2022

Members

Dr Christian Müller (Co-director)

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Research interests:

  • Exploration of marine mineral deposits
  • Environmental impacts of future deep-sea mining
  • Geological structure and energy resource potential of the continental margins
  • Marine seismic measurement procedures and method development
  • Geological potentials of the CO2-Storage
Dr Christian Müller has been the lead of the "Marine Resource Exploration" department at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Hannover since 2017. After completing his doctorate in geophysics at the Kiel University, he moved to Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources where he initially conducted research on gas hydrates and the structural geology of active and passive continental margins. Afterwards, he worked for several years on the geological potential for CO2 storage in Germany. Currently, his work focuses on the occurrence and use of marine mineral resources (manganese nodules and polymetallic sulphides) as well as marine structural geological and geophysical investigations in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and North Atlantic.
Website

Prof Dr Andrea Koschinsky (Co-director)

Constructor University Bremen

Research interests: 

  • (Bio-)geochemical cycle of trace metals in seawater
  • Formation and resource potential of marine mineral deposits
  • Environmental impacts of deep-sea mining
  • "solid-solution reactions"
  • Geo-bio interfaces in marine systems
Andrea Koschinsky is Professor of Geosciences at the Constructor University Bremen and a member of the MARUM Research Centre, the DFG Senate Commission for Earth System Research, the Advisory Board of the DeepSea Mining Alliance and co-chair of the KDM Strategy Group Marine Mineral Resources. Her main research interests are environmental geochemistry, in particular the analysis, chemical speciation and (bio-)geochemical cycles of trace metals in seawater, solid solution reactions, metal-biota interactions and the properties and behaviour of hydrothermal fluids. In the field of deep-sea mining research, she is concerned with the chemical composition, formation and resource potential of marine mineral deposits and the environmental impacts associated with their exploitation.
Website

Dr Christian Borowski

Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology

Research interests:

  • Ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon sources
  • Genetic connectivity of deep-sea invertebrates and their bacterial symbionts
  • Phylogeny and function of animal-bacterial symbioses
  • Impacts of deep-sea mining on benthic communities
Christian Borowski started as a PhD student at the Univ. of Hamburg in the pioneering in-situ experiment DISCOL, which investigated the effects of deep-sea mining on benthic communities. He continued this work as a postdoc in the follow-up programme ATESEPP at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Marine and Polar Research. Later work included research on chemosynthetic hydrothermal vent symbioses and the dynamics of microbial methane formation and degradation in organic-rich continental margin sediments. His current work at the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology focuses on chemosynthetic symbioses at deep-sea sources and springs, with an emphasis on the use of food resources by symbiotic bacteria, the phylogenetic relationships of hosts and symbionts, and the genetic connectivity between geographically separated symbiotic populations on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Website

Dr Philipp Brandl

Geomar Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research

Research interests:

  • Critical metals in magmatic-hydrothermal systems
  • Temporal evolution of magmatic systems
  • Geodynamic controls for georesources
  • Geology and exploration of the seabed
  • Oceanic volcanism
Dr Philipp A. Brandl is a trained magmatic petrologist and geochemist with diverse research interests ranging from volcanology and the evolution of magmatic systems to geodynamics and ore deposit research. His research focuses on critical metals and metalloids in submarine magmatic-hydrothermal systems. The methods used in his research include petrology, geochemical and spatial analyses, and modelling. He completed his PhD at FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and spent two years as an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation postdoctoral fellow at the renowned Australian National University in Canberra before taking up his current position as a researcher in the Marine Mineral Resources Group at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.
Website

Dr Sebastian Fuchs

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Research interests: 

  • Formation of hydrothermal ore deposits in the sea and on land
  • Geochemistry and mineralogy of ore deposits
  • Mobility and distribution of metals in hydrothermal systems
  • Deposit modelling - and evaluation
  • Micro- and nanoanalytics for research into mineral raw materials
Sebastian Fuchs is a geochemist, mineralogist & exploration geologist for ore deposits and deputy head of the "Marine Geology / Exploration" department at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. His work focuses on the deposit geology of the German exploration licence for massive sulphide deposits in the Indian Ocean (INDEX), as well as on the exploration and evaluation of ore deposits in South America and South Africa for securing raw materials of high-tech, precious and non-ferrous metals. His research focuses on the formation and alteration of ore deposits, hydrothermal transport and enrichment of metals, fluid-rock interactions, modelling of deposit processes and resources.
Sebastian studied Mineralogy/Geology at the University of Leipzig and Economic Geology at the University of the Free State, South Africa. He completed his PhD in hydrothermal geochemistry/reservoirs at McGill University in 2015. Sebastian has also worked as an exploration/mining geologist for mining companies.
Website

Dr Matthias Haeckel

GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel

Research interests:
  • Environmental impacts of deep-sea mining
  • Cold vents and gas hydrate systems
  • CO2 storage under the seabed
  • Marine carbon cycle
Matthias Haeckel is a marine biogeochemist at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. He studied chemistry and received his PhD in geology/palaeontology from CAU Kiel in 2000. In his research, he combines field research at sea with numerical modelling and high-pressure experiments to intertwine and quantify early diagenetic processes and their modification by anthropogenic use of the ocean - e.g. methane hydrate as well as oil and gas production, CO2 storage, deep-sea mining - beneath the seafloor. Since 2015, he has coordinated the large European collaborative project MiningImpact on the environmental risks and impacts of deep-sea mining.
Website

Dr Manuel Keith

Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, GeoCentre Northern Bavaria

Research interests:

  • Mineralogy and geochemistry of massive sulphides
  • Enrichment of critical metals through hydrothermal processes
  • Metal sources for hydrothermal fluids in the oceanic crust
  • Evolution of marine sulphide deposits through space and time
  • Critical metals at the micro and nano level
Manuel Keith is a geochemist and deposit scientist at the Northern Bavaria GeoCentre at Friedrich Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg. His research focuses on the interaction of magmatic and hydrothermal systems and the resulting consequences for the enrichment of critical metals in mineral deposits of the Earth's crust. These questions are addressed primarily through mineralogical and geochemical investigations, with microanalytics and isotope geochemistry playing a central role in particular.

Manuel Keith completed his doctorate at FAU before working as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Leicester in the UK and then as a research assistant in applied geochemistry at TU Berlin. Since June 2021, he has been leading an FAU junior research group working on the enrichment of critical metals in the Earth's crust.
Website

Dr Charlotte Kleint

MARUM Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen

Research interests: 

  • Geochemical fluid composition of shallow and deep-sea hydrothermal spring systems
  • Stabilisation and transport of hydrothermally extracted metals in the water column
  • Trace metal flows in the ocean
  • Organic and inorganic complexation of trace metals
Dr Charlotte Kleint is a marine geochemist at the Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen. She studied "Marine Geosciences" at the University of Bremen and received her doctorate from Jacobs University Bremen (now Constructor University) in 2016.

Her research focusses on the geochemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and their plumes. The main focus of her research is the speciation and transport of trace metals in the water column, as well as metal-biota interactions.
Website

Dr Thomas Kuhn

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Research interests:

  • Mineralogy and geochemistry of marine mineral resources
  • Assessment of the resource potential of the deposits
  • Processing and metallurgy of ores
  • Development of drilling and mining technologies
Dr Thomas Kuhn is the head of the project "Exploration of Marine Sulphide Deposits in the Indian Ocean Licence Area (INDEX)" at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Hannover. After completing his doctorate in marine geology at the Free University of Berlin, he worked as a research assistant at TU Bergakademie Freiberg and GEOMAR Kiel before moving to BGR in 2010. There, he initially worked on the geological exploration of manganese nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the northeast Pacific, up to the deposit assessment in the German licence area. In addition to the geological work, the processing and extraction of metals from the marine raw materials also played an important role. After moving to the INDEX project, he is interested in the 3-dimensional spread and resource potential of the sulphide deposits on and in the seabed, in addition to the management tasks in the project.
Website

Dr Klaas Meyn

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Research interests:

  • Megafauna in hydrothermal systems
  • Recording and characterisation of species communities
  • Habitat mapping, ecological evaluation and habitat modelling
  • Minimally invasive monitoring methods using photo and video analyses
  • Statistical analysis and functional ecology
Klaas Meyn is a marine biologist specialising in the ecology of megafauna in hydrothermal systems at INES - Integrated Environmental Solutions. He completed his doctorate at the German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research at the Senckenberg Research Institute in Wilhelmshaven on the megafauna in and around hydrothermal systems in the Indian Ocean. One focus of his work is the ecological evaluation of photo and video footage as a non-invasive monitoring method for recording, characterising and modelling megafauna in the deep sea. The main focus is on the investigation of the species communities at active and inactive hydrothermal fields, as well as a comparison with the non-hydrothermally influenced benthic deep-sea megafauna. The aims of this research are to record the diversity of species, their distribution and to recognise the factors that control and maintain diversity in these areas.
Website

Dr Sven Petersen

GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel

Research interests:

  • Formation and development of marine mineral deposits
  • Global assessments of marine resource potential
  • Mineralogy and geochemistry of massive sulphides on the seabed
  • Development of exploration technologies
Sven Petersen received his PhD from the University of Freiberg in 2000 after working for several years in Germany and Canada on hydrothermal systems on the seabed. He stayed in Freiberg until 2004, when he moved to GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. His research focuses on understanding the processes that form and change hydrothermal systems on the seafloor over time. He spent over 36 months at sea exploring all ocean basins. Key objectives of his research are to understand the evolution and chemical and mineralogical variability and resource potential of submarine massive sulphides and other marine mineral deposits. He uses mobile drilling techniques and various geophysical methods as well as autonomous underwater vehicles to search for and evaluate these mineral deposits.
Website

Prof. Dr. Sylvia Sander

Geomar Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research

Research interests: 

  • Trace metal speciation in and around marine mineral resources
  • Biogeochemistry of hydrothermal vents and plumes
  • Bioavailability of metals
  • Anthropogenic metal contamination
Sylvia Sander is Helmholtz Distinguished Professor for Marine Mineral Resources at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel with a joint appointment at Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel. Her research interests include speciation and toxicity of trace metals in the marine ecosystem, especially in and around hydrothermal vents. Before joining the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2017 as Section Head of the Marine Environmental Studies Laboratory in Monaco, she was Research Associate Professor and Director of the NIWA/Research Centre for Oceanography at the University of Otago/New Zealand. She completed her studies at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern.
Website

Former members with advisory functions

Dr Karsten Haase

Prof. Dr Peter Halbach

Prof. Dr Mark Hannington

Dr James Hein

Dr Terue Cristina Kihara

Dr Hermann Kudrass

Dr Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera

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